Resistência flexural de uma resina para impressão 3D comparada a resinas acrílicas convencionais empregadas para confecção de placas estabilizadoras de mordida / Flexural resistance of 3D printing resin compared to conventional acrylic resins employed to build occlusal bite splints

Introduction: with the technological advance in dentistry, light-polymerized three-dimensional (3D) printing resins had become an alternative for the manufacture of occlusal splint splints. Objective: the present study aimed to analyze the flexural strength of a resin for 3D printing compared to conventional acrylic resins (chemically activated and thermally activated), under the influence of thermocycling. Material and method: 60 specimens were made, which were distributed in six experimental groups (n = 10), according to the resin employed (chemically activated acrylic resin, thermally activated acrylic resin and 3D printing resin) and the treatment received (control and thermocycling). The specimens were submitted to flexural strength by the three-point flexural test. Result: data analysis showed that the material factor (<0.0001) and the thermocycling factor (p = 0.0096) influenced flexural strength, however, the interaction between the two factors did not (p = 0.9728). Conclusion: it was concluded that 3D printing resins presented the lowest flexural resistance to acrylic resins, especially when submitted to thermocycling.

Introdução: com o avanço tecnológico dentro da odontologia, as resinas fotopolimerizáveis para impressão tridimensional (3D) se tornaram uma alternativa para a fabricação de dispositivos interoclusais. Objetivo: o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a resistência flexural de uma resina para impressão tridimensional comparada com resinas acrílicas convencionais (quimicamente ativada e termicamente ativada), sob a influência da termociclagem. Material e método: foram confeccionados 60 corpos de prova, que foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em seis grupos experimentais (n=10), de acordo com a resina utilizada (resina acrílica ativada quimicamente, resina acrílica ativada termicamente e resina para impressão 3D) e com o tratamento recebido (controle e termociclagem). Os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao ensaio de flexão de três pontos para determinação da resistência flexural. Resultado: a análise dos dados demonstrou que o fator material (<0.0001) e o fator termociclagem (p=0.0096) influenciaram a resistência flexural, entretanto, a interação entre os dois fatores não (p=0.9728). Conclusão: deste modo podemos concluir que a resina para impressão 3D apresentou desempenho inferior às resinas acrílicas, especialmente quando submetida a termociclagem.

Flexural strength and Vickers hardness of milled and 3D-printed resins for provisional dental restorations

Various forms of temporary resins are offered on the market; however, the properties of temporary resins obtained by milling and 3D printing have not been fully examined. This study aimed to compare the flexural strength and Vickers hardness of milled and 3D-printed resins. Methods: Three resins were tested: Evolux PMMA (milled resin), Cosmos Temp (3D-printed resin), and Structur 2 SC (bis-acrylic resin, group control). Specimens were prepared with rectangular shapes (n = 12) for flexural strength measurements and disc shapes (n = 9) for Vickers hardness tests. Flexural strength tests were performed at a crosshead speed of 0.75 mm/min, and the Vickers hardness was measured under a load of 20 N for 10 s. The obtained data were subjected to the Kruskal­Wallis test. Results: A significant difference (p < 0.05) in flexural strength was observed among the three sample groups: Evolux PMMA (111.76 MPa), Structur 2 SC (87.34 MPa), and Cosmos Temp (56.83 MPa). No significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between the Vickers hardness values of Structur 2 SC (33.37 VHN) and Evolux PMMA (29.11 VHN); however, both materials were statistically superior to Cosmos Temp (10.90 VHN). Conclusion: While the mechanical properties of the milled resin were superior or similar to those of the bisacrylic resin, the 3D-printed resin was statistically inferior to both the milled and bis-acrylic resins

Rehabilitación estética con coronas de resina personalizadas utilizando encerado digital en paciente pediátrico: informe de caso / Aesthetic rehabilitation with customized resin crowns using digital wax-up in pediatric patient: a case report

Resumen Introducción: El presente informe de caso clínico se enfoca en el diagnóstico y tratamiento para la rehabilitación de la dentición temporal en el sector anterosuperior utilizando tecnología CAD-CAM. Objetivo: Proponer una alternativa para mitigar el margen de error y tiempo de trabajo en el paciente pediátrico, reintegrando la estética y funcionalidad en la cavidad oral. Métodos: Se describe el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 6 años que acudió a la clínica universitaria de la Universidad UTE con lesiones cariosas extensas en sus dientes anterosuperiores y su rehabilitación a través de la utilización de coronas personalizadas de resina mediante un encerado digital realizado en CAD-CAM. Resultados: El tratamiento efectuado en el niño fue satisfactorio, se evidenció una mejoría en la dimensión vertical e incremento en la estética dental y facial, mejorando su aspecto y autoestima después de la rehabilitación. Conclusión: La utilización del encerado digital en pacientes pediátricos podría ser una alternativa que permita reducir el tiempo de trabajo del tratamiento en una rehabilitación estética dental.

Abstract Introduction: This case report focuses on the diagnosis and treatment for the rehabilitation of the primary dentition in the anterosuperior sector using CADCAM technology. Objective: To propose an alternative to mitigate the margin of error and working time in pediatric patients, reintegrating esthetics, and functionality in the oral cavity. Methods: We describe the case of a 6-year-old male patient who came to the clinic of Universidad UTE with extensive carious lesions in his anterosuperior teeth and his rehabilitation using personalized resin crowns by means of a digital waxup performed in CAD-CAM. Results: The treatment performed on the child was satisfactory, there was an improvement in the vertical dimension and an increase in dental and facial esthetics, improving his appearance and self-esteem after the rehabilitation. Conclusión: The use of digital wax-up in pediatric patients could be an alternative that allows the treatment time to be reduced in esthetic dental rehabilitation.

Avaliação das propriedades de superfície, mecânicas e ópticas de resinas acrílicas de base de dentadura confeccionadas pelo método CAD-CAM com processo de envelhecimento e imersão em bebidas corantes / Evaluation of surface, mechanical and optical properties of denture base acrylic resins made by the CAD-CAM method with aging process and immersion in coloring drinks

O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as propriedades de superfície, estabilidade de cor e propriedades mecânicas de resinas acrílicas para base de dentadura do método convencional, processada por micro-ondas, fresada e impressa 3D diante de diferentes tempos de envelhecimento e imersão em bebidas corantes. Além disso, realizar uma revisão sistemática para avaliar e comparar, através de estudos de ensaios clínicos, próteses totais fabricadas pelo método CAD/CAM com fabricadas convencionalmente, em termos de tempo clínico, manutenção, retenção, estabilidade, eficácia mastigatória, satisfação e qualidade de vida. Um total de 480 amostras redondas (10 × 3,3 ± 0,03 mm) foram confeccionadas para avaliação das propriedades de superfície e estabilidade de cor, divididas entre os quatro grupos principais de resinas e subdivididas em quatro tempos de análise (T0, T1, T2 e T3) e bebidas corantes (água, café, vinho e refrigerante cola), resultando um n = 10 para cada subgrupo. Um total de 160 amostras retangulares (64 × 10 × 3,3 ± 0,03 mm) foram confeccionadas para avaliação das propriedades mecânicas, divididas entre os quatro grupos principais de resinas e subdivididas em quatro tempos de análise (T0, T1, T2 e T3), resultando um n = 10 para cada subgrupo. A revisão sistemática seguiu os Itens de Relatório Preferenciais para Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-Análises (PRISMA) e foi registrada no Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revisões Sistemáticas (PROSPERO) (CRD42022296907). A busca eletrônica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science e Scopus até dezembro de 2021. A questão formulada para população, intervenção, comparação e resultado (PICO) foi "Pacientes reabilitados com próteses totais com tecnologia CAD/CAM apresentam parâmetros clínicos semelhantes aos pacientes reabilitados com próteses totais convencionais?". A resina fresada apresentou os melhores resultados das propriedades de superfície diante do efeito do envelhecimento, enquanto que a resina impressa 3D apresentou resultados semelhantes as resinas tradicionais. A resina de Impressão 3D apresentou não ter propriedades ópticas adequadas diante do efeito do envelhecimento, enquanto que a resina fresada apresentou as melhores propriedades. As bebidas corantes não alteraram as propriedades de superfície das resinas, entretanto afetaram suas propriedades ópticas, principalmente a resina de impressão 3D e a processada por micro-ondas. A resina de dentadura fresada CAD/CAM apresentou propriedades mecânicas semelhantes as resinas tradicionais, enquanto que a impressa 3D não apresentou propriedades mecânicas adequadas para uso clínico à longo prazo. As próteses do método de fresagem apresentaram melhor desempenho clínico que as próteses convencionais, em termos de qualidade de vida, satisfação, retenção, estabilidade, tempo clínico e custo, enquanto que as de impressão 3D não apresentaram diferenças. Ambos os métodos do CAD/CAM apresentaram não haver diferenças da eficácia mastigatória em relação as próteses convencionais(AU)

The objective of this study was to investigate the surface properties, color stability and mechanical properties of acrylic resins for denture base of the conventional method, processed by microwave, milled and 3D printed in face of different aging times and immersion in coloring drinks. In addition, carry out a systematic review to evaluate and compare, through clinical trial studies, complete dentures manufactured by the CAD/CAM method with those manufactured conventionally, in terms of clinical time, maintenance, retention, stability, masticatory efficiency, satisfaction and quality of life. A total of 480 round samples (10 × 3.3 ± 0.03 mm) were made to evaluate surface properties and color stability, divided among the four main groups of resins and subdivided into four analysis times (T0, T1, T2 and T3) and coloring drinks (water, coffee, wine and cola), resulting in n = 10 for each subgroup. A total of 160 rectangular samples (64 × 10 × 3.3 ± 0.03 mm) were prepared to evaluate the mechanical properties, divided among the four main groups of resins and subdivided into four analysis times (T0, T1, T2 and T3), resulting in n = 10 for each subgroup. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and was registered in the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42022296907). The electronic search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus databases until December 2021. The question formulated for population, intervention, comparison and result (PICO) was "Patients rehabilitated with complete dentures with CAD/CAM technology present clinical parameters similar to patients rehabilitated with conventional complete dentures?". The milled resin presented the best results of surface properties in the face of aging effect, while the 3D printed resin presented similar results to traditional resins. The 3D Printing resin did not have adequate optical properties due to the aging effect, while the milled resin showed the best properties. Coloring drinks do not change the surface properties of resins, but optical printing solutions, mainly 3D printing resin and microwave-processed resin. The CAD/CAM milled denture resin presented mechanical properties similar to traditional resins, while the 3D printed denture resin did not present adequate mechanical properties for long-term clinical use. The milling method prostheses showed better clinical performance than conventional prostheses, in terms of quality of life, satisfaction, retention, stability, clinical time and cost, while the 3D printing prostheses showed no differences. Both CAD/CAM methods showed no differences in masticatory efficiency in relation to conventional prostheses(AU)

Inorganic element profile of medicinal Cannabis extracts consumed by pediatric patients

Abstract The increasing number of reports of web-based experiences on the success of Cannabis-based therapies in controlling seizures in children suffering from refractory epilepsy have led to efforts by governments and associations to a recent change in legislation. The Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) allowed the import of Cannabis extracts in 2015 and the registration of the first industrialized drug in 2017. In 2019, ANVISA approved procedures for the granting of a Sanitary Authorization for manufacturing and imports, establishing marketing requirements, prescribing, dispensing, monitoring and surveillance of cannabis products for medicinal purposes. Similar to other consumer products of health concern, is necessary to ensure the quality and health safety of these products worldwide. The aim of the present study to evaluate the presence of As, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Co, Cr and Mn present in Cannabis extracts and resins used in the treatment of pediatric patients with neurological diseases. Samples (48 national and 24 imported) were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry - ICP-MS. The imported extracts presented more homogeneous inorganic element values, while national extracts showed varied levels, thus indicating the highest health risk.

Novos materiais livres de metal para confecção de próteses monolíticas em sistema CAD/CAM / New metal-free materials for making monolithic prostheses in CAD/CAM system

A busca por naturalidade dos procedimentos restauradores em reabilitação oral tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento de vários tipos de materiais livres de metal ("metal free"). A confecção de próteses com estes sistemas totalmente puros, mostra-se como excelente alternativa restauradora, com potencial estético superior às próteses metalocerâmicas. É indiscutível que a tecnologia CAD/CAM (Computer-aided design/ Computer-aided manufacturing) vem se tornando realidade nos consultórios e laboratórios de Prótese Dentária de todo o mundo. Esta tecnologia possibilita o uso de cerâmicas e polímeros na fabricação de próteses, com qualidade e resistência mecânica satisfatórias, padronizando os processos, reduzindo custos e tempo clínico-laboratorial. A grande diversidade destes novos materiais restauradores livres de metal, com suas distintas propriedades estéticas e mecânicas, faz com que seja necessária uma seleção racional desses materiais, a fim de se alcançar a longevidade desejada do tratamento protético reabilitador. Dentre estes materiais, destacam-se as cerâmicas vítreas, as zircônias monolíticas, as cerâmicas infiltradas por polímeros e as resinas nanocerâmicas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os dados mais relevantes e atuais sobre as propriedades destes novos materiais, os sistemas disponíveis, suas indicações, limitações e seu uso associado com a tecnologia CAD/CAM. Esta revisão consistiu em uma pesquisa eletrônica da literatura publicada nos últimos 15 anos, nas bases de dados: Medline/Pubmed, Embase, Scielo, Bireme, Lilacs e BBO, utilizando-se os seguintes descritores do MESH: [CADCAM AND restorative materials AND monolitic] OR [Monolitic CAD-CAM restorative materials]. Concluiu-se que os materiais monolíticos obtidos pelo sistema CAD/CAM foram desenvolvidos para oferecer uma melhor adaptação e durabilidade das peças, com ótimas taxas de sobrevida e redução de tempo clínico e laboratorial, oferecendo ao paciente conforto, sessões clínicas mais curtas e restaurações de qualidade superior aos sistemas convencionais. Todos os materiais citados nesta revisão apresentaram vantagens e desvantagens, cabendo ao profissional selecionar o melhor material para cada situação clínica em específico, levando em conta os prós e contras de cada um(AU)

The naturalness of restorative procedures in oral rehabilitation has contributed to the development of various types of metal-free materials ("metal free"). The manufacture of prostheses with these totally pure systems is shown to be an excellent restorative alternative, with an aesthetic potential superior to metal-ceramic prostheses. It is indisputable that CAD/ CAM (Computer-aided design/Computer-aided manufacturing) technology is becoming a reality in dental practices and laboratories around the world. This possibility of manufacturing ceramic materials and polymers in strength manufacturing, with strength technology, manufacturing processes, standardizing quality clinical time, higher cost and clinical time. These new aesthetic properties of metal, these dif ferences with aesthetic and mechanical characteristics, these differences are necessary for a rational selection of materials with a choice of rehabilitative prosthetic treatment. Among these materials, they stand out as glass ceramics, as monolithic zirconia, as polymer-infiltrated ceramics and as nanoceramic resins. The purpose of working with your materials, and their associated use with CAD/CAM technology. This review consists of an electronic search of the literature published in the last 15 years, in the following databases: Medline/ Pubmed, Embase, Scielo, Bireme, Lilacs and BBO, using the following MESH descriptors: [CAD-CAM AND restorative materials AND monolithic] OR [CADCAM monolithic restorative materials]. It is concluded that the CAD/CAM materials were designed with comfort for a better adaptation and durability of the parts, with excellent survival rates and reduction of clinical and laboratory time, offering the patient, shorter clinical sessions and superior quality restorations to the systems conventional. All those mentioned in this review present advantages and advantages of each material, and it is up to the professional to select the best one for each specific clinic, in each situation of materials and against indications of materials(AU)

Microtensile Bond Strength Between Self-Adhesive Resin Cements and Resin Based Ceramic CAD/CAM Block / Resistencia adhesiva microtensil entre cementos de resina autoadhesivos y bloques de cerámica CAD/CAM a base de resina

Abstract: Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of four different self-adhesive resin cements to a resin-based ceramic CAD/CAM block, at the baseline, and after subjecting them to 5,000 thermo-cycles.Materials and Methods: Four self-adhesive dual-cured resin cements; G-CEM LinkAce (GC EUROPE, Leuven, Belgium), RelyX U200 (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany), Maxcem Elite (Kerr, CA, USA), TheraCem (Bisco, Schaumburg, USA) were applied to Cerasmart CAD/CAM blocks (GC EUROPE, Leuven, Belgium). CAD/CAM blocks were sectioned into sticks and subjected to µTBS tests at 24 hours, and the other half were subjected to tests after 5000 thermo-cycles. The data were tested by one-way variance analysis (p<0.05). Results: The highest bond strength values were observed in TheraCem, followed by G-CEM LinkAce and RelyX U200, respectively (p<0.05). At the baseline, G-CEM LinkAce, RelyX U200, and Maxcem Elite showed statistically similar results. After 5,000 thermal-cycles, a significant decrease was observed in the bond strength values of G-CEM LinkAce (p<0.05). Conclusion: Between the adhesive cements used in the study, TheraCem showed the highest micro-tensile bond strength values both in the baseline (24h) results, and after the 5,000 thermal- cycle aging procedures.

Resumen: Propósito: Evaluar y comparar la resistencia adhesiva microtensil (μTBS) de cuatro cementos de resina autoadhesivos diferentes con un bloque CAD/CAM de cerámica a base de resina, antes y después de 5.000 ciclos de termociclado. Materiales y métodos: cuatro cementos de resina de doble curado autoadhesivos; G-CEM LinkAce (GC EUROPE, Lovaina, Bélgica), RelyX U200 (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Alemania), Maxcem Elite (Kerr, CA, EE. UU.), TheraCem (Bisco, Schaumburg, EE. UU.) fueron aplicados a bloques Cerasmart CAD/CAM (GC EUROPE, Lovaina, Bélgica). Los bloques CAD/CAM se seccionaron en barras y se sometieron a pruebas µTBS a las 24 horas, y la otra mitad se sometió a pruebas después de 5000 ciclos térmicos. Los datos fueron probados por análisis de varianza unidireccional (p<0.05). Resultados: Los valores más altos de fuerza de unión se observaron en TheraCem, seguido de G-CEM LinkAce y RelyX U200, respectivamente (p<0.05). En la línea de base, G-CEM LinkAce, RelyX U200, Maxcem Elite mostró resultados estadísticamente similares. Después de 5.000 procesos de ciclo térmico, se observó una disminución significativa en los valores de resistencia de la unión de G-CEM LinkAce (p<0.05). Conclusión: entre los cementos adhesivos utilizados en el estudio, TheraCem mostró los valores más altos de resistencia de la unión micro-extensible tanto en la línea de base (24 h) como después de 5,000 procedimientos de envejecimiento térmico.

The Effects of Mouthwashes on the Color Stability of Resin-Based Restorative Materials / Efecto de los enjuagues orales en la estabilidad del color de materiales restauradores a base de resina

Abstract: Objective: This study investigated the effects of three types of mouthwash on the color stability of three resin-based restorative materials (nanohybrid resin composite, sonic-activated bulk-fill material, and compomer). Materials and Methods: To this end, 120 cylindrical disc specimens were prepared and polished, after which they were incubated in distilled water for 24 hours for post-polymerization. The baseline color values of each specimen were measured with a spectrophotometer, then the specimens were randomly divided into four groups. Following immersion in the mouthwashes for 24 hours, the specimens were rinsed with distilled water and dried before the color measurement was repeated. The values of color change (ΔE₀₀) were subsequently calculated. A two-way analysis of variance and Duncan's post hoc multiple comparison tests were conducted to determine statistically significant differences among the restorative materials. Results: All samples showed discoloration after immersion, albeit some instances of discoloration were imperceptible. In this respect, a statistically significant difference was found among the restorative materials and mouthwashes (p<0.05). Imperceptible ΔE₀₀ values were derived on the nanohybrid resin composite and compomer, but perceptible and acceptable ΔE₀₀ values were detected on the sonic-activated bulk-fill materials (p<0.05). The clinically unacceptable discoloration was observed on the sonic-activated bulk-fill composite immersed in Listerine®. Conclusions: Clinicians should make recommendations based on the potential staining capacity of mouthwashes prescribed for daily use in restorative materials. In this way, the need for renewal of restorations due to discoloration could be avoided.

Resumen: Objetivo: Este estudio investigó los efectos de tres tipos de enjuague bucal en la estabilidad del color de tres materiales de restauración a base de resina (resina nanohíbrida, resina bulk-fill de activación sónica y compómero). Materiales y Métodos: Para ello se prepararon y pulieron 120 muestras de discos cilíndricos, después de lo cual se incubaron en agua destilada durante 24 horas pospolimerización. Los valores de color de base de cada muestra se midieron con un espectrofotómetro, después las muestras se dividieron aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos. Tras la inmersión en los enjuagues bucales durante 24 horas, los especímenes se enjuagaron con agua destilada y se secaron antes de repetir la medición del color. Posteriormente se calcularon los valores de cambio de color (ΔE₀₀). Se llevó a cabo un análisis bidireccional de la varianza y las pruebas de comparación múltiple post hoc de Duncan para determinar las diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los materiales de restauración. Resultados: Todas las muestras mostraron decoloración después de la inmersión, aunque algunos casos esta fue imperceptible. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los materiales de restauración y los enjuagues bucales (p<0,05). Se obtuvieron valores imperceptibles de ΔE₀₀ en el compuesto de resina nanohíbrida y el compómero, pero se detectaron valores perceptibles y aceptables de ΔE₀₀ en la resina bulk-fill activada sónicamente (p<0,05). Se observó una decoloración clínicamente inaceptable en la resina bulk-fill activada sónicamente inmersa en Listerine®. Conclusiones: Los clínicos deben hacer recomendaciones basadas en la capacidad potencial de coloración de los enjuagues bucales prescritos para uso diario en los materiales de restauración. De esta manera, se podría evitar la necesidad de renovar las restauraciones debido a la decoloración.

Statistical analysis of shrinkage levels of human brain slices preserved by sheet plastination technique with polyester resin / Análisis estadístico de los niveles de retracción de cortes de cerebro humano conservados mediante la técnica de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster

Plastination is currently the most important anatomical preservation technique due to the possibility of preserving bodies and organs for an indefinite period, in a dry and biosecure form, while preserving the morphological characteristics of the tissues. However, the shrinkage of the samples is also part of the plastination, perhaps becoming one of its few disadvantages. This paper presents the shrinkage caused by the classic technique of sheet plastination with polyester resin (Biodur® P40) in human brain slices, with the aim of statistically establishing the percentages of tissue shrinkage caused by this plastination protocol.

La plastinación es actualmente la técnica de preservación anatómica más importante debido a la posibilidad de preservar los cuerpos y órganos por un período indefinido, en forma seca y biosegura, al tiempo que preserva las características morfológicas de los tejidos. Sin embargo, la retracción de las muestras también es parte de la plastinación, quizás convirtiéndose en una de sus pocas desventajas. Este artículo presenta la retracción causada por la técnica clásica de plastinación de cortes con resina poliéster (Biodur® P40) en cortes de cerebro humano, con el objetivo de establecer estadísticamente los porcentajes de retracción de tejidos causados por este protocolo de plastinación.

Caracterização interna de materiais restauradores indiretos com diferentes condicionamentos de superfície / Internal characterization of indirect restorative materials with different surface etching protocols

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de ácido fluorídrico com diferentes tempos e concentrações na superfície de materiais restauradores indiretos obtidos a partir de blocos utilizados na tecnologia CAD-CAM. Materiais e Métodos: Amostras dos materiais restauradores indiretos medindo 4x4x0,8mm foram obtidos a partir de blocos CAD para cada material estudado: resina nanocerâmica Lava Ultimate (3M Espe), monossilicato de lítio reforçado por zircônia Celtra Duo (Dentsply) e cerâmica híbrida Vita Enamic (Vita). Os materiais foram submetidos à aplicação de ácido fluorídrico com concentração de 5% ou 10%, sendo o mesmo aplicado pelos tempos de 20, 40, 60 ou 90 segundos. Um grupo controle para cada material foi avaliado, sem nenhum tratamento de superfície, contabilizando nove grupos de cada material (n=10). As amostras foram avaliadas em relação à rugosidade de superfície (Ra e Rz), avaliadas em microscopia óptica confocal; ângulo de contato (θ), energia de superfície (s) e energia livre total de interação (∆G) avaliados em goniômetro, e resistência de união ao cimento resinoso avaliada através do teste de microcisalhamento. Imagens das amostras foram obtidas em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia óptica confocal e microscopia de força atômica. Os dados de rugosidade de superfície, ângulo de contato, energia de superfície, energia livre total de interação e resistência de união foram submetidos à ANOVA dois fatores e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que, de maneira geral, o monosilicato de lítio reforçado por zircônia Celtra Duo apresentou melhores resultados quando submetido ao condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico 10% por 40 ou 60 segundos de aplicação. A resina nanocerâmica Lava Ultimate apresentou melhor performance quando condicionada com ácido fluorídrico 10% por 20 ou 40 segundos, enquanto que a cerâmica híbrida Vita Enamic apresentou melhores resultados quando condicionada com ácido fluorídrico 5% por 90 segundos. Conclusão: Cada material interagiu de maneira diferente ao condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico, sendo que o conhecimento do adequado protocolo para cada material é essencial para garantir melhorias nos processos de adesão e durabilidade das restaurações indiretas. Celtra Duo apresentou de maneira geral propriedades mecânicas superiores aos demais. Relevância clínica: Recomenda-se protocolos específicos de tratamento de superfície com ácido fluorídrico de acordo com a composição de cada material restaurador indireto(AU)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different times and concentration of hydrofluoric acid etching on the surface of indirect restorative materials obtained from blocks used in CAD-CAM technology. Methods and Materials: Samples of indirect restorative materials measuring 4x4x0.8mm were obtained for each restorative material studied: Lava Ultimate nanoceramic resin (3M Espe), Celtra Duo zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (Dentsply) and Vita Enamic polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network material (Vita). The materials were submitted to etching with 5% or 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20, 40, 60 or 90 seconds. A control group for each material was evaluated without any surface treatment, totaling nine experimental groups for each material (n = 10). The samples were evaluated in relation to surface roughness (Ra and Rz), evaluated by confocal optical microscopy; contact angle (θ), surface energy (s) and total free interaction energy (∆G) evaluated by goniometer; and microshear bond strength to resin cement. Sample images were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Data of surface roughness, contact angle, surface energy, total free interaction energy and bond strength were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p<0.05). Results: The results showed that, in general, the Celtra Duo zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic showed better results when subjected to etching with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 40 or 60 seconds. Lava Ultimate nanoceramic resin showed better performance when etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20 or 40 seconds, while Vita Enamic polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network showed better results when etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid for 90 seconds. Conclusion: Each material showed different characteristics after etching with hydrofluoric acid, and the knowledge of the proper protocol for each material is essential to ensure improvements in the adhesion process and durability of indirect restorations. Celtra Duo presents general ways of mechanical properties superior to the others. Clinical relevance: Specific surface treatment protocols with hydrofluoric acid are recommended based on the different compositions of indirect restorative materials(AU)

Uso de la amalgama dental en la población cubana / Use of dental amalgam in the Cuban population

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 180 pacientes que acudieron a la consulta estomatológica del policlínico 13 de Marzo de Bayamo durante Diciembre 2016, con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia del uso dela amalgama en la población cubana. La información primaria se obtuvo mediante: encuestas y exploración clínica. Se estudiaron las variables: grupos de edades, sexo, dientes presentes, restauraciones de amalgama y resina, tiempo de exposición a la restauración, durabilidad promedio, preferencia en cuanto al material restaurador, conocimiento del riesgo del uso de la amalgama e información por parte del personal de salud del tema. Se obtuvo como principales resultados que existe un promedio de más 22 dientes en la boca en la población estudiada, sin diferencia significativa entre ambos sexos; con una relación de 5:1 restaurado con amalgama y de 18:1 con resina. Además de un promedio de 14.56 años expuestos a la amalgama y 11.61 años de durabilidad. No existen grandes diferencias en cuanto a la preferencia y sólo el 10.56 por ciento conoce los riesgos de la exposición al mercurio. Se obtuvo como conclusiones que existe un alto promedio de dientes en la boca en la población en estudio, predominio de las restauraciones con amalgama de plata, con más de una década de durabilidad y de exposición a este material sin muestras de algún síntoma de intoxicación por mercurio. No existen grandes diferencias en cuanto a la preferencia y muy pocas personas conocen los riesgos de la exposición al mercurio(AU)

Efeito da contaminação por saliva na resistência adesiva de braquetes cerâmicos utilizando uma resina ortodôntica hidrofílica / Saliva contamination effect on shear bond strength of ceramic brackets with an orthodontic hydrophilic resin

Introdução: Alguns fatores, como a presença de saliva, são capazes de influenciar a adesão do braquete ao dente durante o procedimento de colagem e podem causar falha da resistência adesiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de braquetes cerâmicos ortodônticos colados com Transbond XT e Transbond Plus Color Change em esmalte de dentes bovinos, contaminado e não contaminado por saliva, além de analisar o local da falha adesiva. Material e método: Sessenta incisivos bovinos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=15), de acordo com o material de colagem e a presença de contaminação: Grupo 1 (G1): colagem com Transbond XT na ausência de contaminação; Grupo 2 (G2): colagem com Self Etching Pimer e Transbond Color Change na ausência de contaminação; Grupo 3 (G3): colagem com Transbond XT na presença de contaminação, e Grupo 4 (G4): colagem com Self Etching Primer e Transbond Color Change na presença de contaminação. Resultado: O teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis mostrou que G1 diferiu estatisticamente (p<0,05) de G2 e G3. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os demais grupos. O índice de adesivo remanescente (IAR) variou entre 2 e 3 no G1 e entre 0 e 1 nos outros grupos. Conclusão: A contaminação por saliva diminui a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento de braquetes cerâmicos colados com a resina hidrofóbica Transbond XT convencional. Por outro lado, a utilização da resina hidrofílica Transbond Plus Color Change associada ao Self Etching Primer, em ambiente contaminado por saliva, confere resistência adesiva adequada para o seu uso clínico.

Introduction: Some fator, such as the presence of saliva, are able to influence the adhesion of the bracket to the tooth enamel during the orthodontic bonding procedure and may cause the adhesive failure. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear strength of orthodontic ceramic brackets bonded with Transbond XT and Transbond Plus Color Change to bovine teeth, under saliva contamination and the adhesive failure mode. Material and method: Sixty bovine permanent incisors were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=15) according to bonding material and saliva contamination: Group 1 (G1) bonded with Transbond XT with no saliva contamination; Group 2 (G2) bonded with Self Etching Primer and Transbond Plus Color Change with no saliva contamination; Group 3 (G3) bonded with Transbond XT with saliva contamination and Group 4 (G4) bonded with Transbond Plus Color Change with saliva contamination. Result: The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test (p<0,05) was used and showed that G1 differed statistically from G2 and G3. There was no statistical difference between the other groups. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) ranged between 2 and 3 in G1 and between 0 and 1 score in the other groups. Conclusion: Saliva contamination decreases the shear bond strength of ceramic brackets bonded with conventional Transbond XT hydrophobic resin. On the other hand, the Transbond Plus Color Change hydrophilic resin associated with a Self Etching Primer, under saliva contamination, provide a sufficient shear bond strength, suitable for their clinical use.

Sobrevida de resina compuesta y cemento de ionómero de vidrio de bajo costo para TRA: 1 año de seguimiento de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Sobrevivência da resina composta e do cimento do ionômero de vidro de baixo custo para ART: 1 ano de acompanhamento de um ensaio clínico randomizado / Survival of composite resin and low cost glass ionomer cement for ART: 1 year fo-llow-up of a randomized clinical trial

Objetivo: Evaluar la longevidad de restauraciones de Tratamiento Restaurador Atraumático (TRA), utilizando dos mate-riales diferentes: un Cemento de Ionómero de Vidrio (CIV) de bajo costo y una Resina Compuesta de nanopartículas (RC), en cavidades ocluso-proximales de molares temporales. Materiales y métodos: Un total de 83 dientes fueron selecciona-dos en 43 niños de siete a diez años de edad, que presentaron al menos una lesión de caries ocluso proximal, en la ciudad de Cosmópolis / SP, Brasil. Los pacientes fueron asignados en dos grupos: CIV de bajo costo (Vitromolar - Nova DFL) y resina compuesta de nanopartículas (RC) (Filtek Z350 XT - 3M ESPE). Todos los procedimientos se realizaron de acuerdo con los principios del TRA. Las restauraciones fueron evaluadas después de 3, 6, 9 y 12 meses por un examinador entrena-do. Para verificar la tasa de sobrevida de las restauraciones utilizamos el análisis de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier y la prueba de Log-Rank; y, para evaluar la asociación entre el resultado y las variables del paciente se aplicó la prueba de regresión de Cox. El nivel de significancia para todas las pruebas fue del 5%. Resultados: Después de 12 meses de seguimiento, la sobrevida global de las restauraciones fue de 75,3%. Las tasas de sobrevida del CIV y de la RC fueron 62.2% y 93.7%, respectivamente. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas entre los materiales, donde la RC tuvo un mejor desempeño (HR = 0.15, IC 0.03 a 0.68, p = 0.014) que el CIV de bajo costo. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas para otras variables (p >0.05). Conclusión: La utilización de resina compuesta de nanopartículas en las restauraciones de TRA tuvo un mejor rendimiento en comparación con el cemento de ionómero de vidrio de bajo costo, después de una evaluación de 12 meses. Registro de prueba: REBEC (Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos) # RBR-8sw24r.

Objective: To evaluate the longevity of ART restorations using two different materials: a low-cost Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) and nanoparticle Composite Resin (CR) in occlusal-proximal cavities of primary molars. Material and methods: A total of 83 teeth were selected among 43 children, aged seven to ten years old, which presented at least one multi-sur-face caries lesion, in the city of Cosmópolis/SP, Brazil. Patients were allocated into two groups: low cost GIC (Vitromo-lar ­ Nova DFL) and nanoparticle composite resin (CR) (Filtek Z350 XT ­ 3M ESPE). All procedures were performed according to ART guidelines. The restorations were evaluated after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months by a trained examiner. To verify the survival rate of the restorations we used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test. To evaluate the association between the outcome and patient variables was applied Cox regression test. The significance level for all tests was 5%. Results: After 12 months of follow-up, overall survival of the restorations was 75.3%. The GIC and CR survival rates were 62.2%, 93.7%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between materials, where the CR performed better (HR = 0.15, CI 0.03 to 0.68; p = 0.014) than low cost GIC. No statistical differences were found for other variables (p >0.05). Conclusion: The use of nanoparticle composite resin in ART restorations performed better when compared to low cost glass ionomer cement after 12 months evaluation. Trial registration: REBEC (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos) # RBR-8sw24r.

Avaliar a longevidade das restaurações Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (ART) utilizando dois materiais diferentes: Cimento de Ionómero de vidro (CIV) de baixo custo e de uma Resina Composta de nanopartículas (RC), em cavidades ocluso proximais de molares decíduos. Materiais e métodos: Um total de 83 dentes foram selecionados em 43 crianças de sete a dez anos de idade que tiveram pelo menos uma lesão de cárie oclusal proximal, na cidade de Cosmópolis / SP, Brasil. Os pacientes foram distribuídos em dois grupos: CIV de baixo custo (Vitromolar - Nova DFL) e resina composta de nanopartículas (RC) (Filtek Z350 XT - 3M ESPE). Todos os procedimentos foram realizados em conformidade com os princípios do ART. As restaurações foram avaliadas após 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses, por um examinador treinado. Para verificar a taxa de sobrevivência das restaurações, usamos análise de sobrevivência de Kaplan-Meier e teste log-rank; e para avaliar a associação entre o desfecho e as variáveis do paciente testou-se pela regressão de Cox. O nível de significância para todos os testes foi de 5%. Resultados: Após 12 meses de acompanhamento, a sobrevida global das restaurações foi de 75,3%. As taxas de sobrevida de CIV e RC foram 62,2% e 93,7% respectivamente. A análise estatística mostrou diferenças significativas entre os materiais onde a RC mostrou melhores resultados (HR = 0,15, IC 0,03-0,68, p = 0,014) do que o CIV de baixo custo. Não há diferenças estatísticas para as outras variáveis (p> 0,05). Conclusão: A utilização de restaurações de resina composta de nanopartículas teve um melhor desempenho em comparação com o cimento de ionómero de vidro de baixo custo, depois de uma avaliação de 12 meses. Registro de ensaio: REBEC (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos) # RBR-8sw24r.

Influence of caries risk on the retention of a resin-modified glass ionomer used as occlusal sealant: a clinical trial / Influência do risco de cárie na retenção de um ionômero de vidro modificado por resina usado como selante oclusal: ensaio clínico

Introduction: Little is known whether caries risk influence occlusal sealants retention. Objective: To determine the retention rates (RR) of the resin-modified glass ionomer cement used as occlusal sealant in permanent first molars of 6-8-year old schoolchildren and to analyze the influence of caries risk at baseline on the RR of the sealant, over a 24-month period. Material and method: The sealant application was performed in a dental office at the beginning of the study, after children being allocated into high caries risk group (HR) and low caries risk group (LR). The examinations were performed by the same calibrated dentist at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Retention rates were estimated, the Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival probabilities; and the comparison between HR and LR groups was evaluated by Wilcoxon and log-rank test. Result: The results showed that 14% of sealed teeth showed total loss (16% for HR and 12% for LR) and 46% showed partial loss during the study (51% for HR and 41% for LR), in relation to the baseline sample. No difference could be demonstrated by the survival analysis between HR and LR groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Caries risk did not influence the retention rates of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement used as occlusal sealant in 6-8-year old schoolchildren.

Introdução: Pouco se sabe sobre a influência do risco de cárie na retenção de selantes oclusais. Objetivo: Avaliar as taxas de retenção de um cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina utilizado como selante oclusal em primeiros molares permanentes de escolares de 6-8 anos, e analisar a influência do risco de cárie na taxa de retenção do selante, durante um período de 24 meses. Material e método: A aplicação do selante foi realizada em consultório odontológico no início do estudo, após as crianças serem alocados no grupo de alto risco (AR) ou baixo risco (BR) de cárie. Os exames foram realizados pelo mesmo dentista calibrado em 0, 6, 12, 18 e 24 meses. As taxas de retenção foram estimadas e o método de Kaplan-Meier foi utilizado para estimar as probabilidades de sobrevivência. A comparação entre os grupos AR e BR foi avaliada pelos testes de Wilcoxon e log-rank. Resultado: Os resultados mostraram que 14% dos dentes selados apresentaram perda total (16% para AR e 12% para BR) e 46% apresentaram perda parcial durante o estudo (51% de AR e 41% para BR), em relação a amostra no início do estudo. Nenhuma diferença pode ser demonstrada pela análise de sobrevivência entre os grupos AR e BR (p> 0,05). Conclusão: O risco de cárie não influenciou as taxas de retenção de um cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina usado como selante oclusal em escolares de 6-8 anos de idade.

A Comparative Assessment of the Surface Roughness of Thermoplastic Denture Base Resins Following Adjustment and Re-Polishing

This study assessed the roughness of two injection-molded, thermoplastic materials used for denture bases compared with a polyamide material and compression molded Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) after the adjustment and re-polishing with either a laboratory protocol or a chair side protocol. Methods: Forty specimens, each of PMMA, Valplast, DuraFlex, Dura Cetal were fabricated and finished according to individual manufactures' instructions. These materials were adjusted with tungsten carbide (TC) burs to mimic gross adjustments, and then re-polished either on a lathe or bonded silicon carbide (B-SC). Following instrumentation, the specimens were assessed using contact profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. Two-factor ANOVA was used to determine significant differences in mean surface roughness (Ra and Rmax), with included factors being material type and re-polishing regimen. Results: Mean Ra values ranged from 0.26 (DuraFlex control) to 1.82 (Valplast adjusted with TC burs). Mean Rmax values ranged from 1.88 (Dura Flex control) to 13.76 (Valplast adjusted with TC burs). Two-factor ANOVA revealed that interaction of both factors was significant (p < 0.05) for Ra and Rmax. There was a statistically significant increase in both Ra (p < 0.05) and Rmax (p < 0.05) for all material types following the gross adjustment. With the exception of DuraFlex, re-polishing of samples that were previously adjusted with TC burs, on the dental lathe produced surfaces that were comparable to control samples. Conclusion: Adjustment of DuraFlex should be kept to a minimum since the adjustment produced the significant surface detriment that could not be corrected with either of the polishing regimens.

Estado clínico, radiográfico y sobrevida de las obturaciones interproximales de resina en pacientes atendidos en la facultad de odontología de la universidad de el salvador, período 2011-2014 / Clinical, radiographic status and survival of interproximal resin fillings in patients treated at the dental school of the University of El Salvador, period 2011-2014

Objetivo: Determinar el estado y sobrevida de obturaciones interproximales de resina en premolares y molares en pacientes adultos. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron 178 molares y premolares restaurados con obturaciones interproximales de resina en pacientes de la Facultad de Odontología atendidos en el período 2011-2014 tras una evaluación clínica y radiográfica siguiendo una guía de observación. La recolección de datos se realizó en los meses de octubre, noviembre de 2015 y de abril a julio de 2016. Los resultados obtenidos se analizaron utilizando el software SPSS v.18 y se presentan en tablas. Resultados: Un promedio de 90.75% de obturaciones de los cuatro años estudiados estaba presente, clínicamente el 59% presentó una continuidad cervical "al margen" y el 76.4% no presentó cambio de color. Radiográficamente el 51.7% presentó superficie proximal de forma "convexa", excepto el año 2011 donde 51.9% fue de forma "plana"; el 50% de obturaciones presentó condición cervical radiográfica "al margen". En el tejido dental adyacente el 79.2% no presentó lesión cariosa clínica, mientras que radiográficamente fue el 61.8%. Se obtuvo una sobrevida de 4 años para las obturaciones realizadas en los cuatro años en un promedio de 36%.Conclusión: Las obturaciones evaluadas en este estudio se determinaron en estado aceptable dado que la mayoría de resultados obtenidos corresponden a aspectos considerados ideales en una obturación. Así mismo, la sobrevida a la fecha fue aceptable tomando en cuenta la fecha de realización del tratamiento hasta la evaluación.

Objective: To determine the state and survival of interproximal resin fillings in premolars and molars in adult patients. Materials and Methods: 178 molars and premolars restored with interproximal resin fillings were evaluated in patients of the Faculty of Dentistry who attended in the period of 2011-2014 after a clinical and radiographic evaluation following an observation guide. Data collection was performed in October, November 2015 and April-July of 2016. The results were analyzed using the SPSS v.18 software and are presented in tables. Results: An average of 90.75% of fillings of the four years studied was present, clinically 59% presented cervical continuity "on the margin" and 76.4% did not present color change. Radiographically, 51.7% presented a proximal surface "convex" in shape, except year 2011 where 51.9% was "flat" in shape; 50% of the fillings had radiographic cervical condition "on the margin". In the adjacent dental tissue 79.2% had no clinical carious lesion, while radiographically it was 61.8%. A 4-year survival was obtained for the fillings performed in the four years by an average of 36%. Conclusion: The fillings evaluated in this study were determined in an acceptable state since the majority of results obtained correspond to aspects considered ideal in a filling. Likewise, the survival to date was acceptable taking into account the date of completion of the treatment until evaluation.

Quantificação de fenóis, flavonoides totais e atividades farmacológicas de geoprópolis de Plebeia aff. Flavocincta do Rio Grande do Norte / Quantification of phenols, total flavonoids and pharmacological activities of geopropolis Plebeia aff. flavocincta of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Esse estudo objetivou avaliar a composição química e potencial terapêutico do extrato hidroalcóolico de geoprópolis produzidas por abelhas Plebeia aff. flavocincta no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte. Oito amostras (A-H) foram submetidas a quantificação dos teores de fenóis e flavonoides totais e avaliação da atividade antioxidante através do método DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazilo). Além disso, foram investigadas as atividades antibacteriana, através do método de difusão em ágar, e a cicatrizante, através da indução de feridas cirúrgicas experimentais em Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769, linhagem Wistar, tratados com creme à base de geoprópolis. Duas amostras (F e G) se destacaram por apresentar altos valores de fenóis e flavonoides totais. A capacidade antioxidante acima de 90% foi observada em cinco amostras. Os extratos foram considerados eficazes no que se refere a atividade antibacteriana, pois das oito amostras, cinco promoveram a formação de halos de inibição ≥9mm para todas as cepas testadas. Duas amostras (D e G) se destacaram em relação as demais por apresentar excelentes resultados, uma vez que, promoveram a formação de halos de inibição para as bactérias Staphylococcus epidermidis e Escherichia coli, superiores estatisticamente aos valores dos antibióticos controles, quando na concentração de 100%. As amostras A e G promoveram, respectivamente, a formação de halos de inibição, que não diferiram significativamente dos halos produzidos pelos antibióticos controles em todas as concentrações testadas para E. coli e Staphylococcus aureus. A análise do processo de cicatrização sob os pontos de vista clínico, macroscópico e histológico permitiu concluir, que o uso do creme à base de geoprópolis apresentou influência positiva na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas experi­mentais, por promover reação inflamatória menos intensa e fechamento mais rápido das feridas em relação ao grupo controle.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and therapeutic potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of geopropolis produced by bees Plebeia aff. flavocincta in Rio Grande do Norte semi-arid. Eight samples (A-H) were submitted to the quantification of total phenols and flavonoid content and evaluation of the antioxidant activity by DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl). Additionally, antibacterial activities were investigated by agar diffusion method, and healing process by inducing experimental surgical wounds in Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769, Wistar line, and treated with the geopropolis-based cream. Two samples (F and G) have stood out by presenting high values of total phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant capacity of over 90% was observed in five samples. The extracts were considered effective in relation to antibacterial activity since of the eight samples, five promoted the formation of inhibition zones ≥9mm above all strains tested. Two samples (D and G) have stood out over the other for presenting excellent results since it promoted the formation of inhibition zones for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli exceeding statistically to the values of the antibiotic controls when the concentration was 100%. Samples A and G have provided, respectively, that the formation of inhibition zones were not significantly different than the halos produced by antibiotics controls at all concentrations tested for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The analysis of the healing process from the clinical, macroscopic and histological points of view, allowed to conclude that the use of geopropolis-based cream had a positive influence on the healing of experimental skin wounds by promoting less intense inflammatory reaction and healing faster from wounds in the control group.(AU)

Efecto de las resinas secuestradoras de ácidos biliares en los desenlaces cardiovasculares y en los niveles séricos de lípidos: A systematic review / Effect of bile acid sequestrants on cardiovascular outcomes and seric lipids

Antecedentes: Las guías internacionales recientes proponen el uso de estatinas como piedra angular del manejo de la dislipidemia en adultos. Sin embargo, no se ha definido con claridad el tratamiento de los pacientes con intolerancia o efectos adversos asociados con estas. Las resinas secuestradoras de ácidos biliares son una alternativa interesante, pese a que la evidencia que avala su uso no ha sido evaluada cuidadosamente. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en MEDLINE, Embase y en la Biblioteca Cochrane hasta junio de 2013, acerca de artículos publicados en inglés y español, identificando experimentos clínicos aleatorizados y estudios de cohortes que evaluaran el impacto de las resinas secuestradoras de ácidos biliares en mortalidad, eventos cardiovasculares, niveles de lípidos séricos y efectos adversos. Se presenta la información de forma descriptiva. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro experimentos clínicos aleatorizados y un estudio de cohortes, que incluían 6.833 pacientes. Solo uno de los estudios evaluó el impacto en la mortalidad cardiovascular, evidenciando que no hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa en comparación con placebo (RR de 0,76; IC 95% 0,5:1,15), aunque se observó una reducción del 16% en la incidencia de infarto agudo de miocardio (RR 0,84; IC 95% 0,67:1,00). Tres estudios evaluaron cambios en las fracciones lipídicas, los cuales mostraron disminución moderada en los niveles de colesterol LDL, sin percibir diferencias clínicamente significativas en los niveles de colesterol HDL y triglicéridos. Conclusión: La evidencia que respalda el uso de resinas secuestradoras de ácidos biliares es limitada y no avala su empleo como terapia de primera línea en pacientes con dislipidemia; no obstante, son una alternativa en pacientes con efectos adversos o intolerancia al manejo con estatinas.

Background: Recent international guidelines have proposed statins as the corner stone of dyslipidemia management in adults. However it is not clear if they are best option for patients with statin related intolerance or what their adverse effects are. The bile acid sequestrants are an interesting alternative, however its evidence has not been carefully evaluated. Methods: A search was conducted on MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library databases for articles published up to June 2013, limited to Spanish and English language. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) and cohort studies evaluating the impact of bile acid sequestrants on mortality, cardiovascular outcomes, seric lipids and adverse effects were selected. Information was presented in a descriptive way. Results: Four RCT and one cohort study with aggregate data on 6833 people were included. Just one study evaluated cardiovascular mortality showing no statistically significant difference when compared with placebo, (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.5:1.15), however there was a 16% reduction on acute myocardial infarction incidence. (RR 0.84; 95% IC 0.67: 1.00). Three studies evaluated seric lipids changes showing a moderate reduction in LDL levels without clinical significant differences on HDL and triglyceride levels. Conclusions: The evidence supporting bile acid sequestrants use is lacking and not conclusive to recommend its use as first-line therapy in dyslipidemic patients; however, these are an alternative option for patients with statin-related intolerance or adverse effects.

Effects of different polishing systems on the surfaceroughness of two ceromers / Efeito de diferentes sistemas de polimento na rugosidade superficial de dois cerômeros

This in vitro study evaluated the effects of three polishing systems on the surface roughness of two ceromers. Material and Methods: 96 specimens (8 mmin diameter and 2 mm thick) were prepared in a metal mold using two restorative materials: CERAMAGE Shofu, Japan) and VMLC VITA (VITA Zahnfabrik,Germany). The specimens were divided into 4 groups(n=12): G1: positive control, Mylar strip; G2: abrasive tips, Edenta system; G3: silicon tips, Enhance system; and G4: abrasive tips, Shofu system. The parameter evaluated was the average surface roughness (Ra) determined by using a profilometer SJ 301 (Mitutoyo,Japan), followed by photographic evaluation image sthrough Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), witha 1000x magnification range. The data was subjected to statistical analysis for comparison between the groups (ANOVA, Tukey and Student T-tests), with a significance level of 5%. Results: there was a statistically significant difference between the siliconetip Enhance and the other groups for both ceromers with higher values of surface roughness. There was no statistically significant difference between the ceromers, except for the Shofu system, which showed lower values of surface roughness for Vita VMLC. Conclusion: With in the limitations of this study, itwas concluded that the Edenta and Shofu abrasive tipsare more effective in reducing the surface roughnessof ceromers compared with the Enhance silicone tip...

Avaliar o efeito de três sistemas de polimento na rugosidade superficial de 2 cerômeros. Material e Métodos: Foram confeccionados 96 corpos de prova divididos em 8 grupos: G1 e G5, controle positivo (matriz de poliéster), G2 e G6 (pontas abrasivas Edenta); G3 e G7 (pontas siliconadas Enhance); G4 e G8 (sistema Shofu).O parâmetro avaliado foi a média aritmética da rugosidade superficial (Ra) determinada em rugosimetro SJ 301 (Mitutoyo, Japão), seguida de avaliação fotográfica através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), com o aumento de 1000 vezes. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística para comparação entre os grupos(ANOVA, Tukey e t-student pareado), nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Houve diferença estatística significativa entre a ponta siliconada Enhance e os demais grupos, em ambos cerômeros, apresentando maiores valores de rugosidade superficial. Entre os polimentos avaliados, o único que diferiu entre os cerômeros foi o sistema Shofu que apresentou menores valores de rugosidade superficial para a Vita VMLC. Conclusão: Dentro das limitações do presente estudo, concluiu-seque as pontas abrasivas EDENTA e Shofu são mais eficazes na redução da rugosidade da superficial de cerômeros comparação com a ponta de silicone Enhance...

The Influence of Sonic and Ultrasonic Vibration on the Shear Bond Strength of a Selected Resin Luting Cement

Purpose: This study determined the effect of sonic and ultrasonic instrumentation on the shear bond strengths of Panavia 21, a popular cement for the luting of resin-bonded restorations. Methods: 84 Ni-Cr cylinders were cemented to randomly selected resin composite substrates using Panavia 21 following the manufacturer's instructions. The Ni-Cr-composite specimens were divided into 7 groups of 12 specimens each based upon the procedure used for removing the excess cement. For Group 1 (Co) specimens the excess cement was removed with microbrushes immediately after cementation. Groups 2 through 7 were based on the use of vibrating instrument and the time period after which the excess material was removed. These included the cement, Panavia 21, three vibrating instruments, Sonic with a universal tip (So), Piezoelectric ultrasonic with a USPIS tip (Pu), Magnetorestrive ultrasonic with a FS1-100 tip (Mu) and two different time periods, soon after cementation (9m) and one hour after cementation (1h). Once excess cement REMOVAL WAS COMPLETED, THE SPECIMENS WERE SUBJECTED TO SHEAR TESTING. Results: Mean Shear Bond strengths ranged from 16.03 MPa (Co) to 19.91 MPa (So 1h). Statistical analysis demonstrated that interaction of the main effects were significant (F = 4.27, p = 0.042). Post-hoc analysis demonstrated that the effect of timing was significant in all the instrumented groups. The majority of the tested specimens failed cohesively compared to mainly adhesive failures for the control group. Conclusions: The effect of type of instrumentation immediately following polymerization setting had no effect on the shear bond strengths however a delay of 1 hour for all types of instrumentation had a beneficial effect of improving observed shear bond strengths.